MICROBIAL PROFILE AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM PAPER CURRENCIES CIRCULATING IN SOME RESTAURANTS AND BUTCHERIES IN HAWASSA, SIDAMA, ETHIOPIA, 2020-21

Currency notes could play a signicant role in transmitting pathogenic microorganisms amongst individuals in the society. This study was aimed to determine the microbial prole and Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial pathogens isolated from Ethiopian paper notes in circulation. 64 currency paper notes of different denomination were tested for bacterial contamination using standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility proles of the isolates were determined with approved methods. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Overall mean AMBC was 4.08 log units, with the highest 6.58 log units recorded from denomination 5 followed by 4.50, 3.03, 2.20 log units from denominations 10, 50 and 100 respectively. Total Coliforms (TC) displayed the same pattern with the highest mean counts of 6.52 log units, from denomination 5 and lowest counts of 2.19 log units from denomination 100. Out of 64 currency notes, 35 (54.7%) were contaminated with bacteria. The predominant bacteria isolates were E. coli (60.5%), Salmonella spp. (23.6%) and Shigella spp. (13.2%). Each isolate was resistant to four or more antibiotics tested. All isolates were resistant against Cefepime and Tetracycline and sensitive to Ceftriaxone. This study revealed that currency notes are contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and in most cases these bacterial isolates were resistant to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Therefore, contaminated notes are identied as potential public health threat, because pathogens can be spread by circulating the notes and become source of infection. Awareness creation is important among public in this regard.

Plasmid-Encoded Multidrug Resistance: A Case study of Salmonella and Shigella from enteric diarrhea sources among humans

Salmonellosis and shigellosis are signifcant and persistent causes of diarrheal diseases among humans in developing countries. With that in mind, the current study investigates the occurrence of plasmid-encoded multidrug resistances in Salmonella and Shigella from diarrheal cases among humans. The isolates were characterized by serotyping, antimicrobial-susceptibility testing, transfer experiments and curing. The extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) was detected by the double disc diffusion synergy test (DDST). A signifcant number of the plasmid-encoded multidrug resistant (PEMDR) Salmonella and Shigella isolates were found to harbour transferable plasmid genes resistant to antibiotics like ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime and to a lesser extent to ciprofoxacin and ofoxacin. The conjugative R-plasmids-encoded extended-spectrum β-lactamase also showed resistances to cephalosporins (ceftriaxone and cefuroxime) and ampicillin. Curing experiments showed chromosomal resistances to varied antibiotics. The fndings confrmed the presence of PEMDR in Salmonella and Shigella strains as a suitable adaptation to a changing antibiotic environment. The results therefore suggest the limited use of the commonly prescribed/or third generation cephalosporins as an empirical treatment of multidrug resistant Salmonella and Shigella because this may affect therapeutic outcomes.

Value of Colonoscopy and Salmonella-Shigella Culture Using Biopsy Specimens and Intraluminal Fluid Obtained During Colonoscopy in Patients with Acute Diarrhea / 대한소화기내시경학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the value of colonoscopy for Salmonella-Shigella culture of biopsy specimen and intraluminal fluid during colonoscopy in patients with acute diarrhea. METHODS: From March 2001 to August 2001, sixty-six patients with watery or bloody diarrhea lasting less than 15 days were participated after exclusion of the patients with previous history or presumption of inflammatory bowel disease, radiation colitis, ischemic colitis, or pseudomembranous colitis. The biopsy specimen was taken and colonic luminal fluid was aspirated during colonoscopy for Salmonella-Shigella cultures. RESULTS: Male and female ratio was 1:1.3 and mean age was 45 17 years. The normal colonoscopic finding was showed in twelve cases (18.2%). The severity of acute colitis was mild in 25 cases (25/54, 46.3%), moderate in 9 cases (9/54, 16.7%), and severe in 20 cases (20/54, 37.0%). The extent of acute colitis was as followed: involvement of one segment in 9 cases (16.7%), involvement of two or more segments in 26 cases (48.1%), pancolitis in 7 cases (13.0%), and pancolitis with involved terminal ileum in 12 cases (22.2%). In culture study, identification of Salmonella species was in 11 cases (16.7%). Salmonella species were identified in 6.0% (3/50) with stool specimen, 18.0% (9/50) with biopsy specimen, and 4.0% (2/50) with intraluminal fluid, but without statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The culture using biopsy specimens and intraluminal fluid obtained during colonoscopy may be helpful in diagnosis of cases of suggesting Salmonella-Shigella infection.

Isolamento de bactérias enteropatogênicas de coproculturas realizadas durante o período 1977-1983 na Seção de Bacteriologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo / Isolation of enteropathogenic bacteria from stool cultures performed during the period 1977-1983 at the Bacteriology Section of Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo

Durante o período compreendido entre 1977 e 1983 foram realizadas 19.284 coproculturas na Seção de Bacteriologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. A positividade foi de 31,850/0, onde 15,890/0 pertencia à Salmonella, 12,130/0 à Escherichia coli enteropatogênica, enteroinvasiva e enterotoxigênica, e 3,830/0 à Shigella. Em 11,070/0 dos exames positivos foi isolada mais de uma enterobactéria patogênica em uma mesma amostra. S. typhimurium e S. agona foram os sorotipos mais freqüentes, correspondendo a 89,950/0 do total das salmonelas isoladas. Os sorogrupos de E. coli enteropatogênica de maior incidência foram 0111 e 0119. Entre as E. coli enteroinvasivas, os sorogrupos mais frequentes foram 028ac, 0124 e 0136. Mais de 500/0 das cepas de E. coli enterotoxigênica pertencia ao sorogrupo 0128, e as cepas enterotoxigênicas portadoras dos fatores de colonização CFAjI ou CFAjII correspondiam a aproximadamente 350/0 do total. Assemelhando-se à incidência em outros países, mais de 95% das cepas de Shigella pertencia à Shigella flexneri e à Shigella sonnei. Salmonella, Shigella e E. coli representam, ainda, os principais agentes etiológicos em nosso meio. Durante o período de um ano não foi isolada nenhuma cepa de Yersinia enterocolitica. ° isolamento de Campylobacte.· jejuni, nos dois últimos anos de pesquisa realizada na Seção de Bacteriologia (AU).